Preliminary Report on the 2014 Season

by Stephan G. Schmid and Piotr Bienkowski

IV. Conclusions

The results of the fourth excavation season by the International Umm al-Biyara Project (IUBP) mostly confirmed the results and hypotheses from the 2010 survey season and the previous excavation seasons of 2011 to 2013.

That the Nabataean constructions on top of Umm al-Biyara had to belong to something out of the ordinary is suggested, within others and as we pointed out on several occasions, by the general geo-strategic situation of Umm al-Biyara. It is irrelevant whether Umm al-Biyara is „the rock“ of the Nabataeans reported for the year 312/11 BCE by Diodorus: by the late 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, Umm al-Biyara must have been sufficiently important that not everybody was allowed to build there. It is precisely this combination of strategic importance and ostentatious demonstration of wealth that places these Nabataean buildings in close relationship with some of Herod the Great’s hilltop palaces. In Masada, Herodeion, Kypros and Machaerus (Machairous), heated rooms, usually as part of Roman style thermae, are an outstanding characteristic on the hilltop palaces of Masada, Herodeion, Kypros and Machaerus, see Netzer 2001b; Japp 2000; Lichtenberger 1999; Roller 1998; Nielsen 1994, 181–208; especially on their bathing installations see Netzer 1999. . Beside the pools etc. of major bathing installations, individual bathtubs are common to most of the Hasmonean and Herodian structures cited cf. Netzer 1999. ; however, no bathtubs for two or three persons such as the one mentioned above in ST 20 seem to be attested from Herodian buildings.

We can assume that these Herodian installations were not only known to the Nabataean upper class cf. Schmid 2009. , but especially the palace at Machaerus, situated on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, must have been in many ways a sort of provocation to the Nabataeans. It seems, therefore, perfectly appropriate to suggest that the building on top of Umm al-Biyara consisted of something like the Nabataean response to the Herodian hilltop palaces. Probably the best overall comparison is offered, for the time being, by the Herodian palaces at Masada specifically on Masada see Netzer 1991. . The general situation is the same, i.e. the Herodian buildings are distributed all over the plateau of the massive rock elevation that is Masada, and, as on Umm al Biyara, there is no common orientation for all buildings, rather they form smaller groups according to their successive dates of construction. There, too, the most luxurious and at the same time the most private structures, the ones known as the North palace, are placed at the spot opposite the main access to the hill. As at Umm al-Biyara, these Herodian structures are playing with visibility, incorporating the splendid panoramic view into the architectural display, as is especially true for the three levels of the northern palace. Likewise, they feature lavishly decorated bathing installations.

Despite the fact that Masada offers the best overall comparisons to our structures from Umm al-Biyara, in details most of the other Herodian residences can also be compared. For instance, the deliberate playing with visibility and the view is very prominent within Herod’s third palace at Jericho Netzer 2001: 231–286. . The triclinium B70 ibid. 239. and the courtyard B55 ibid. 251–254. from Jericho can be compared to our ST 26 with its extreme position built literally over the cliff. Since the southern wall of courtyard B55 in Jericho fell into the Wadi Qelt and cannot be reconstructed securely, as is the case with the eastern wall of our ST 26, in both cases a direct opening to the natural view would be possible.

Fig. 20: ST 19 from NE after backfilling (photo: M. Dehner)
Fig. 20: ST 19 from NE after backfilling (photo: M. Dehner)

One remarkable element of our 2013 and 2014 season consists of the fact that we obtained clear evidence of the massive reuse of the buildings on Umm al-Biyara during the Roman and Late Roman period up to the final destruction by the earthquake of 363 CE. One the one hand, this is a surprising fact, because one could argue that after the end of the Nabataean kingdom there was no need and interest anymore for that prominent but work-intense dwelling place, since the most likely occupants of such a place, e.g. the Nabataean royal family, ceased to exist. On the other hand, our results show that there must have been still one or more prominent groups of inhabitants of Petra that were willing and able to carry out the efforts needed in order to maintain the settlement on top of Umm al-Biyara. The high standing of that group is indicated by the comparably high quality of the structures, including the hygienic standards and the big amount of fine and finest glass fragments discovered in 2013, as well as the installations for food production found in ST 7 and ST 19.

Fig. 21: ST 7 from S after backfilling (photo: L. Weis)
Fig. 21: ST 7 from S after backfilling (photo: L. Weis)

It will be very interesting to have a closer look into the habits of these later inhabitants. This is why we plan to carry out, within others, detailed archaeozoological and archaeobotanical analyses of the remains discovered in and around the oven and within the latrine of Structure 19 as well as from the kitchen in ST 7. Dr. Bellal Abuhelaleh kindly agreed to analyze the bones and we are looking forward to this new cooperation with Jordanian colleagues.

The very promising results of our excavation season of 2014 definitely demonstrate the value of scientific documentation and research related to the Nabataean buildings on top of Umm al-Biyara and their later reuse. It is planned to continue our efforts in spring 2015; for the time being, the exposed structures have been completely backfilled in order not to expose them to erosion (figs. 20. 21). For the next season of the IUBP, beside the scientific analyses of animal and plant remains mentioned above, the continuation of the excavation of Structures 19 and 7 is planned.